The Spirit and the Shotgun

"Simon Wendt's The Spirit and the Shotgun finally brings the story of armed self-defense into its rightful place in the history of the civil rights movement. This well-researched book will deepen our understanding of the ways in which defensive protection complemented nonviolent protests in many southern locales. . . . No other work in the field has outlined the history of armed self-defense in as complete and compelling a manner."--Renee C. Romano, Wesleyan University

"A really fine contribution to African American history and to the history of the black struggle for equality. What makes The Spirit and the Shotgun unique is the scope of this work. . . . A book all scholars of the movement will want and need to read."--Harvard I. Sitkoff, University of New Hampshire

The Spirit and the Shotgun explores the role of armed self-defense in tandem with nonviolent protests in the African American freedom struggle of the 1950s and 1960s. Confronted with violent attacks by the Ku Klux Klan and other racist terrorists, southern blacks adopted Martin Luther King's philosophy of nonviolent resistance as a tactic, Wendt argues, but at the same time armed themselves out of necessity and pride. Sophisticated self-defense units patrolled black neighborhoods, guarded the homes of movement leaders, rescued activists from harm, and occasionally traded shots with their white attackers. These patrols enhanced and sustained local movements in the face of white aggression. They also provoked vigorous debate within traditionally nonviolent civil rights organizations such as SNCC, CORE, and the NAACP.

This study reevaluates black militants such as Malcolm X and the Black Panther Party and also appraises largely unknown protective agencies in Tuscaloosa, Cleveland, and other locales. Not confined to one state, one organization, or the best-known activists, this is the first balanced history of armed self-defense that begins with the southern civil rights movement and ends with the Black Power era.

Drawing on extensive research from a wide variety of sources to build his case, Wendt argues that during the Black Power years, armed resistance became largely symbolic and ultimately counterproductive to the black struggle--no longer coexisting with peaceful protest in "the spirit and the shotgun" philosophy that had served the southern movement so effectively. This is an essential volume for historians and students of the era.

Simon Wendt teaches American history at the University of Frankfurt.